Markets on the Front Foot: Are Expectations Outpacing Reality?

The U.S. Federal Reserve’s recent pivot marks a turning point in monetary policy. For much of the past year, rate-setters have been fixated on the twin threats of persistent inflation and the risk of overshooting with policy tightening. But fundamental weakness in the U.S. labor market has now tipped the balance of risk for the Fed’s dual mandate — maximum employment and stable prices — towards the former. Rate cuts, once a distant hope for dovish investors, are now firmly back on the agenda as the Fed attempts to move policy closer to what it believes to be “neutral.”

Chair Powell, ever keen to avoid binding commitments, made clear that the path ahead is not set in stone. The door remains ajar for further cuts, to be debated meeting by meeting, with each data release a potential inflection point. This measured ambiguity is by design: the Fed wishes to remain nimble, but the practical effect will be to keep markets perpetually attuned to the cadence of economic signals, with traders scrutinizing every jobs print and inflation gauge for clues.

Consumers, meanwhile, have proven resilient — except the lowest income cohort, who continue to feel the pinch. Higher tariffs pose a challenge to growth, yet robust spending elsewhere suggests the economy can weather these headwinds through the remainder of the year.

Looking ahead to 2026, a divergence appears between the bond market’s outlook and the Federal Open Market Committee's own projections. Investors are bracing for a more aggressive easing cycle, with several more rate cuts expected through the middle of next year. In contrast, FOMC staff forecasts point to a slower normalization of policy. This gap in expectations will be a key battleground for market sentiment, with implications for asset prices across the spectrum. For now, uncertainty reigns — and vigilance is the order of the day.

— Peter Wilke, CFA – Head of Tactical Asset Allocation, Global Asset Allocation

DIVERGENT EXPECTATIONS

Interest Rates

There are three key things that we are watching in the rates markets:

1. FOMC Rate Cut Expectations: Weaker payroll growth has led markets to pull forward and increase expectations for rate cuts this year. Fed Funds Futures now suggest a small chance of a 50bps%bps%,/span> cut in September (up from 25bps) and a ~75% chance of an additional 25bps cut in October (up from 50%).
2. Upward Pressure in Repo Markets: Increased repo rate volatility within the Fed’s target range is a natural result of Quantitative Tightening (QT). QT has also significantly reduced participation in the Fed’s Reverse Repo Program, now at multi-year lows. With corporate tax day and quarter-end approaching — both of which typically drain liquidity — we’re monitoring for potential repo market turbulence.
3. Long End Roller Coaster: 30-year yields have been volatile. U.S. Treasuries bounced sharply off the key 5% level, U.K. gilts hit multi-decade highs, and French yields rose, widening the spread with German debt. These shifts reflect political and fiscal uncertainty, with term premium at the long end worth watching as 2025 progresses.

— Dan LaRocco, Head of U.S. Liquidity, Global Fixed Income

MORE FED

• The likelihood of a September cut has increased. We’ve been preparing our fixed income portfolios, especially in the front end, accordingly.
  
• We’re watching for further pressure in repo markets this month.
  
• Long end yields have been volatile across the globe; we remain neutral duration within fixed income.

Credit Markets

August began with heightened concerns over economic softness following a weaker-than-expected employment report. This triggered early risk-off sentiment — equities declined, credit spreads widened, and Treasury yields rallied. However, sentiment shifted later in the month after Fed Chair Powell signaled the possibility of rate cuts, leading to a tightening in spreads and a flat finish by month-end. Combined with falling Treasury yields, this backdrop supported strong total returns for high yield.

Yields now sit near 40-month lows, underpinned by solid fundamentals. Second quarter earnings were among the strongest in two years for high yield issuers, with Industrials and Services sectors leading in positive guidance, while Consumer, Media, and Chemicals lagged. High yield companies exceeded EBITDA expectations 2.7 times more often than they missed, and forward guidance skewed 1.6 times more positive than negative.

Despite ongoing policy uncertainties, most high yield issuers maintain robust balance sheets, positioning them well for any potential economic slowdown.    

— Ben McCubbin and Sau Mui, Co-Heads of High Yield

STRONG EARNINGS

• Earnings in the second quarter were one of the strongest for high yield companies in the past 2 years.
  
• 2.7 times more high yield companies beat consensus earnings expectations than missed.
  
• We are tactically equal-weight high yield, but it remains one of our most preferred fixed income assets.

Equities

Markets notched a fourth straight monthly gain in August. U.S. equities rose 2.0%, while developed ex-U.S. led with a 4.4% increase and emerging markets added 1.3%. A weakening dollar — driven by rising expectations for a September Fed rate cut — provided a strong currency tailwind for U.S. investors abroad. Small caps surged 7.1%, outperforming large caps amid easing recession fears and rate optimism. Market breadth improved, with the S&P 500 Equal Weighted Index beating the headline index by over 0.7%. Despite political and trade uncertainty, volatility stayed low, with the VIX hitting a 2025 low. September has defied seasonal weakness so far, with U.S. equities up another 2.1% through September 11.

U.S. fundamentals remain solid, with second quarter earnings beating expectations. Markets responded positively to Fed Chair Powell’s dovish tone at Jackson Hole, and recent labor and inflation data support a widely anticipated September rate cut. This backdrop favors equities and reduces downside risk, prompting us to raise our exposure to U.S. and emerging market equities. We also maintained our overweight in developed ex-U.S. equities.

— Jordan Dekhayser, Head of Equity Client Portfolio Management

ROBUST RETURNS, DOLLAR WEAKNESS

• Markets rose in August under calm, low-volatility conditions, with a weaker dollar boosting international returns.
  
• Small caps outperformed large caps, driven by growing rate-cut expectations and fading recession fears.
  
• We increased global equity exposure amid reduced economic downside and strong corporate earnings; we are now overweight all three major regions.

Real Assets

Data centers have benefited from a generational “wave-on-wave” opportunity — first driven by cloud adoption and now accelerated by AI. Hyperscale capital expenditures continue to expand meaningfully, as major technology firms pursue an aggressive buildout of capacity. This sustained investment has provided a foundational layer of stability for the asset class. Looking ahead, emerging AI technologies are expected to drive incremental demand, reinforcing the sector’s long-term growth potential. At the same time, capital inflows remain robust, though investor scrutiny is intensifying — particularly around return on invested capital for these large capex programs.

The pace of data creation continues to exceed available digital storage capacity, supporting a durable growth outlook. On the supply side, data centers remain differentiated from other real asset sectors due to their elevated development costs and extended construction timelines. Lower vacancies are reflective of these supply/demand trends. Despite recent outperformance, the sector must continue to demonstrate resilience and adaptability in order to sustain its leadership amid evolving technological and macroeconomic conditions.

— Jim Hardman, Head of Real Assets, Multi-Manager Solutions

POWERING PROGRESS

• Data centers have benefitted from tenant demand to drive cloud adoption and AI.
  
• The demand for data centers has outpaced the supply and vacancies have come down.
  
• We retained our overweight to global listed infrastructure, partially funded by global real estate.

Source: Northern Trust Capital Market Assumptions Working Group, Investment Policy Committee. Strategic allocation is based on capital market return, risk and correlation assumptions developed annually; most recent model released 1/15/2025. The model cannot account for the impact that economic, market and other factors may have on the implementation and ongoing management of an actual investment strategy. Asset allocation does not guarantee a profit or protection against a loss in declining markets. GLI = Global Listed Infrastructure, GRE = Global Real Estate, NR = Natural Resources. Unless otherwise noted, the statements expressed herein are solely opinions of Northern Trust. Northern Trust does not make any representation, assurance, or other promise as to the accuracy, impact, or potential occurrence of any events or outcomes expressed in such opinions.